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The causes of war have often overshadowed the causes of peace, yet they are closely intertwined. Notable discussions of war arose during the long periods of peace among European great powers from 1815-1854 and again from 1871-1914, with significant crises in the Near East in 1878 and 1887-88. The latter period saw fatalistic and aggressive rhetoric in Berlin and Vienna, foreshadowing the tensions of 1914. Analyzing the best methods to defend and advance national interests often sheds more light on why wars were avoided than studies of the Holy Alliance or the Concert of Europe. The Concert was most active post-war or when the powers recognized that conflict could be too costly and unpredictable. For instance, Russia nearly reached Constantinople but withdrew due to the implications of controlling the Straits. Similarly, Habsburg ambitions were often tempered by financial constraints. This insightful examination will appeal to those seeking to understand European state relations in the nineteenth century, focusing on why major wars occurred or were averted, particularly in the context of the events leading up to 1914.
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Peace, War and the European Powers, 1814–1914, C. J. Bartlett
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- Année de publication
- 1996
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