The book explores solutions to challenges in long-term relational supply contracts by balancing classical contract law's emphasis on pacta sunt servanda with a more flexible approach rooted in clausula rebus sic stantibus. It addresses how to manage hardships effectively while maintaining contractual integrity, providing insights for legal professionals and businesses navigating complex supply relationships.
The book explores the impact of anthropogenic nitrogen deposition on soil microbial biomass and extracellular enzymatic activities during litter decomposition in forest ecosystems. It highlights the limitations of previous studies that primarily focused on single inorganic nitrogen additions, emphasizing the need for research on mixed nitrogen fertilizations, which include both inorganic and organic compounds. The work addresses a significant gap in understanding how complex nitrogen inputs affect soil microbial dynamics, underscoring its scientific importance.
This book focuses on Chinese cases on the CISG decided by Chinese courts of all levels, mainly from 1990 to 2005. During this period, the number of cases grew gradually. The total number of cases remained low, the reasons of which might be the following: parties were not familiar with the CISG hence decided to opt out of it; the case collection and report systems in China at that time were not as developed as now rendering many cases inaccessible. This book deals with the cases in the early days of the development of the CISG in China. These cases reflect how People’s Court of all levels started to deal with various issues arising from the CISG and will help understand whether and how the People’s Courts change their approaches to the interpretation and application of the CISG in the future.
The discovery of SMMs presents unique opportunities for observing quantum effects and developing novel molecular devices for information storage and quantum computing. However, the low energy barrier for reorienting magnetization in current SMMs limits their practical applications, necessitating further exploration for new SMMs to study magnetic relaxation phenomena. The properties of SMMs are influenced by the total spin ground state (S) and magnetic anisotropy (D). A promising synthetic pathway involves combining high spin ions like FeIII with highly anisotropic ions such as LnIII. Both ions are classified as hard acids and are oxophilic, while polyethylene glycol and carboxylic acid ligands provide oxygen donors. This approach has led to the assembly of fifty-three FeIII-LnIII coordination clusters. Although incorporating LnIII generally enhances SMM properties, their contributions remain complex. Magneto-structural relationships were established through single crystal XRD, magnetic susceptibility, micro-SQUID measurements, and Mössbauer spectroscopy. Certain compounds exhibited slow magnetization relaxation, indicating potential SMM behavior, with compound 3 confirmed as an SMM. Notably, compound 38 showed the highest energy barrier of 78 K for FeIII-LnIII systems. Mössbauer measurements revealed that static magnetic fields can affect the slow relaxation caused by DyIII ions. Additionally, compounds 42 and 44 demonstrated